Focus Session at a Voice Interface Device

ABSTRACT

A method at a first electronic device of a local group of connected electronic devices includes: receiving a first voice command including a request for a first operation; determining a first target device for the first operation from among the local group; establishing a focus session with respect to the first target device; causing the first operation to be performed by the first target device; receiving a second voice command including a request for a second operation; determining that the second voice command does not include an explicit designation of a second target device; determining that the second operation can be performed by the first target device; determining whether the second voice command satisfies one or more focus session maintenance criteria; and if the second voice command satisfies the focus session maintenance criteria, causing the second operation to be performed by the first target device.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/417,281, entitled “Focus Session at a Voice InterfaceDevice,” filed on Nov. 3, 2016, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

This application is related to the following U.S. patent applications,which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/592,137, entitled “Implementationsfor Voice Assistant on Devices,” filed May 10, 2017, which claims thebenefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 62/334,434, entitled“Implementations for Voice Assistant on Devices,” filed May 10, 2016;U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/336,551, titled “Personalized andContextualized Audio Briefing,” filed May 13, 2016; U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/336,566, titled “LED Design Language for VisualAffordance of Voice User Interfaces,” filed May 13, 2016; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/336,569, titled “Voice-Controlled ClosedCaption Display,” filed May 13, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/336,565, titled “Media Transfer among Media Output Devices,” filedMay 13, 2016; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/592,120, entitled“LED Design Language for Visual Affordance of Voice User Interfaces,”filed May 10, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/336,566, entitled “LED Design Language for VisualAffordance of Voice User Interfaces,” filed May 13, 2016.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed implementations relate generally to voice interfaces andrelated devices, including but not limited methods and systems fordirecting a voice command to a target device when the target device isunknown or ambiguous from the voice command itself.

BACKGROUND

Electronic devices with voice interfaces have been widely used tocollect voice inputs from users and perform different voice-activatedfunctions according to the voice inputs. These voice-activated functionsmay include directing or commanding a target device to perform anoperation. For example, the user may utter a voice input to a voiceinterface device to direct a target device to turn on or off, or tocontrol media playback at the target device.

Typically, if a user wishes to make a voice input that directs a targetdevice to perform an operation, the user would specify the target devicein the voice input. However, having to explicitly specify the targetdevice for all such voice inputs is tedious and burdensome to the user.It is desirable for a voice interface device to have a target device fora voice input even when the voice input does not specify a target orspecifies an ambiguous target.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there is a need for an electronic device with a voiceassistant system and/or a voice assistant server system thatincorporates methods and systems for determining or assigning a targetdevice for a voice input when a specification of a target device in thevoice input is absent or ambiguous. In various implementations describedin this application, an operating environment includes a voice-activatedelectronic device that provides an interface to a voice assistantservice, and multiple devices (e.g., cast device, smart home device)that may be controlled by voice input via the voice assistant service.The voice-activated electronic device is configured to record a voiceinput from which the voice assistance service (e.g., a voice assistanceserver system) determines a user voice request (e.g., a media playbackrequest, a power state change request). The voice assistance serversystem then directs the user voice request to a target device asindicated by the voice input. The voice-activated electronic device isconfigured to record a subsequent voice input, in which an indication ofa target device is absent or ambiguous. The electronic device or thevoice assistance server system assigns a target device for this voiceinput, determines a user voice request included in this voice input, anddirects the user voice request to the assigned target device.

In accordance with some implementations, a method is performed at afirst electronic device with one or more microphones, a speaker, one ormore processors, and memory storing one or more programs for executionby the one or more processors. The first electronic device is a memberof a local group of connected electronic devices communicatively coupledto a common network service. The method includes: receiving a firstvoice command including a request for a first operation; determining afirst target device for the first operation from among the local groupof connected electronic devices; establishing a focus session withrespect to the first target device; causing the first operation to beperformed by the first target device via operation of the common networkservice; receiving a second voice command including a request for asecond operation; determining that the second voice command does notinclude an explicit designation of a second target device; determiningthat the second operation can be performed by the first target device;determining whether the second voice command satisfies one or more focussession maintenance criteria; and in accordance with a determinationthat the second voice command satisfies the focus session maintenancecriteria, causing the second operation to be performed by the firsttarget device via operation of the common network service.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device includesone or more microphones, a speaker, one or more processors, and memorystoring one or more programs to be executed by the one or moreprocessors. The one or more programs include instructions for performingthe method described above.

In accordance with some implementations, a non-transitory computerreadable storage medium stores one or more programs. The one or moreprograms include instructions, which, when executed by an electronicdevice with one or more microphones, a speaker, and one or moreprocessors, cause the electronic device to perform operations of themethod described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the various described implementations,reference should be made to the Description of Implementations below, inconjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numeralsrefer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example operating environment in accordance withsome implementations.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example voice-activated electronic device inaccordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrates an example voice assistance server system inaccordance with some implementations.

FIGS. 4A-4D illustrates an example of a focus session in accordance withsome implementations.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of an example process of establishinga focus session and responding to voice inputs in accordance with afocus session, in accordance with some implementations.

Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout theseveral views of the drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTATIONS

While the digital revolution has provided many benefits ranging fromopenly sharing information to a sense of global community, emerging newtechnology often induces confusion, skepticism and fear among consumers,preventing consumers from benefiting from the technology. Electronicdevices are conveniently used as voice interfaces to receive voiceinputs from users and initiate voice-activated functions, and therebyoffer eyes-free and hands-free solutions to approach both existing andemerging technology. Specifically, the voice inputs received at theelectronic device can carry instructions and information even if auser's line of sight is obscured and his hands are full. To enable ahands-free and eyes-free experience, the voice-activated electronicdevice listens to the ambient (i.e., constantly processes audio signalscollected from the ambient) constantly or only when triggered. On theother hand, user identities are linked with a user's voice and alanguage used by the user. To protect the user identities, thesevoice-activated electronic devices are normally used in non-publicplaces that are protected, controlled and intimate spaces (e.g., homeand car).

In accordance with some implementations, a voice-activated electronicdevice determines or assigns a target device to a request made in avoice command when an indication of a target device in the voice commandis absent or ambiguous. The voice-activated electronic deviceestablishes focus sessions with respect to a target device explicitlyspecified or indicated in a voice command. When the voice-activatedelectronic device receives a subsequent voice command in which aspecification or indication of a target device is absent or ambiguous,the electronic device assigns the target device of the focus session tothe voice command if the voice command satisfies one or more criteria.

In some implementations, when the user talks to a voice interface deviceto control another device, the voice interface device stores whichdevice was being targeted by the user (e.g., in a focus session). For aperiod after that, the default target device for control is the storeddevice. For example, if the user first utters a voice command “turn onthe kitchen light,” and then utters “turn off the light,” the targetdevice for the second voice command defaults to “kitchen light” if thesecond command is received shortly after the first command. As anotherexample, if the first command is “play music on living room speakers,”and the subsequent command is “stop music,” the target device for thesecond voice command defaults to “living room speakers” if the secondcommand is received shortly after the first command.

Additionally, in some implementations, the user may be asked to confirmor verify that the last used target device is the intended targetdevice, if there is a longer time gap between voice inputs. For example,if the first voice command is “play music on living room speakers,” andthe subsequent command, receiving after a longer time gap from the firstvoice command, is “stop music,” the voice interface device may ask theuser “do you want to stop the music on the living room speakers?” toconfirm that the target device is “living room speakers.”

In this way, the user may be spared the burden of having to specify thefull context of his request in each and every voice input (e.g., sparedfrom having to include a specification of a target device in each andevery voice input requesting an operation to be performed).

Voice Assistant Operating Environment

FIG. 1 is an example operating environment in accordance with someimplementations. Operating environment 100 includes one or morevoice-activated electronic devices 104 (e.g., voice-activated electronicdevices 104-1 thru 104-N, hereinafter “voice-activated device(s)”). Theone or more voice-activated devices 104 may be located in one or morelocations (e.g., all in a room or space of a structure, spread outthroughout multiple spaces within a structure or throughout multiplestructures (e.g., one in a house and one in the user's car)).

The environment 100 also includes one or more controllable electronicdevices 106 (e.g., electronic device 106-1 thru 106-N, hereinafter“controllable device(s)”). Examples of controllable devices 106 includemedia devices (smart televisions, speaker systems, wireless speakers,set-top boxes, media streaming devices, cast devices), and smart homedevices (e.g., smart camera, smart thermostat, smart light, smart hazarddetector, smart door lock).

The voice-activated devices 104 and the controllable devices 106 arecommunicatively coupled, through communication networks 110, to a voiceassistant service 140 (e.g., to a voice assistance server system 112 ofthe voice assistant service 140). In some implementations, one or moreof the voice-activated devices 104 and the controllable devices 106 arecommunicatively coupled to a local network 108, which is communicativelycoupled to the communication networks 110; the voice-activated device(s)104 and/or the controllable device(s) 106 are communicatively coupled tocommunication network(s) 110 (and, through the communication networks110, to the voice assistance server system 112) via the local network108. In some implementations, the local network 108 is a local areanetwork implemented at a network interface (e.g., a router). Thevoice-activated devices 104 and the controllable devices 106 that arecommunicatively coupled to the local network 108 may also communicatewith each other through the local network 108.

Optionally, one or more of the voice-activated devices 104 arecommunicatively coupled to the communication networks 110 and are not onthe local network 108. For example, these voice-activated devices arenot on the Wi-Fi network corresponding to the local network 108 but areconnected to the communication networks 110 through a cellularconnection. In some implementations, communication betweenvoice-activated devices 104 that are on the local network 108 andvoice-activated devices 104 that are not on the local network 108 aredone through the voice assistance server system 112. The voice-activateddevices 104 (whether on the local network 108 or on the network 110) areregistered in a device registry 118 of the voice assistant service 140and thus known to the voice assistance server system 112. Similarly, thevoice-activated devices 104 that are not on the local network 108 maycommunicate with controllable devices 106 through the voice assistantserver system 112. The controllable devices 106 (whether on the localnetwork 108 or on the network 110) are also registered in the deviceregistry 118. In some implementations, communications between thevoice-activated devices 104 and the controllable devices 106 go throughthe voice assistance server system 112.

In some implementations, the environment 100 also includes one or morecontent hosts 114. A content host 114 may be a remote content sourcefrom which content is streamed or otherwise obtained in accordance witha request included in a user voice input or command. A content host 114may be an information source from which the voice assistance serversystem 112 retrieves information in accordance with a user voicerequest.

In some implementations, controllable devices 106 are capable ofreceiving commands or requests to perform specified operations or totransition to specified states (e.g., from a voice-activated device 104and/or the voice assistance server system 112) and to perform theoperations or transition states in accordance with the received commandsor requests.

In some implementations, one or more of the controllable devices 106 aremedia devices that are disposed in the operating environment 100 toprovide to one or more users media content, news and/or otherinformation. In some implementations, the content provided by the mediadevices is stored at a local content source, streamed from a remotecontent source (e.g., content host(s) 114), or generated locally (e.g.,through a local text to voice processor that reads a customized newsbriefing, emails, texts, a local weather report, etc. to one or moreoccupants of the operating environment 100). In some implementations,the media devices include media output devices that directly output themedia content to an audience (e.g., one or more users), and cast devicesthat are networked to stream media content to the media output devices.Examples of the media output devices include, but are not limited totelevision (TV) display devices and music players. Examples of the castdevices include, but are not limited to, set-top boxes (STBs), DVDplayers, TV boxes, and media streaming devices, such as Google'sChromecast™ media streaming device.

In some implementations, a controllable device 106 is also avoice-activated device 104. In some implementations, a voice-activateddevice 104 is also a controllable device 106. For example, acontrollable device 106 may include a voice interface to the voiceassistance service 140 (e.g., a media device that can also receive,process, and respond to user voice inputs). As another example, avoice-activated device 104 may also perform particular operations andtransition to particular states in accordance with requests or commandsin voice inputs (e.g., a voice interface device that can also playstreaming music).

In some implementations, the voice-activated devices 104 and thecontrollable deices 106 are associated with a user having a respectiveaccount, or with multiple users (e.g., a group of related users, such asusers in a family or in an organization; more generally, a primary userand one or more authorized additional users) having respective useraccounts, in a user domain. A user may make voice inputs or voicecommands to the voice-activated device 104. The voice-activated device104 receives these voice inputs from the user (e.g., user 102), and thevoice-activated device 104 and/or the voice assistance server system 112proceeds to determine a request in the voice input and generate aresponse to the request.

In some implementations, the request included in a voice input is acommand or request to a controllable device 106 to perform an operation(e.g., play media, pause media, fast forward or rewind media, changevolume, change screen brightness, change light brightness) or transitionto another state (e.g., change the mode of operation, turn on or off, gointo sleep mode or wake from sleep mode).

In some implementations, a voice-activated electronic device 104responds to voice inputs by: generating and providing a spoken responseto a voice command (e.g., speaking the current time in response to thequestion, “what time is it?”); streaming media content requested by auser (e.g., “play a Beach Boys song”); reading a news story or a dailynews briefing prepared for the user; playing a media item stored on thepersonal assistant device or on the local network; changing a state oroperating one or more other connected devices within the operatingenvironment 100 (e.g., turning lights, appliances or media deviceson/off, locking/unlocking a lock, opening windows, etc.); or issuing acorresponding request to a server via a network 110.

In some implementations, the one or more voice-activated devices 104 aredisposed in the operating environment 100 to collect audio inputs forinitiating various functions (e.g., media play functions of the mediadevices). In some implementations, these voice-activated devices 104(e.g., devices 104-1 thru 104-N) are disposed in proximity to acontrollable device 104 (e.g., a media device), for example, in the sameroom with the cast devices and the media output devices. Alternatively,in some implementations, a voice-activated device 104 is disposed in astructure having one or more smart home devices but not any mediadevice. Alternatively, in some implementations, a voice-activated device104 is disposed in a structure having one or more smart home devices andone or more media devices. Alternatively, in some implementations, avoice-activated device 104 is disposed in a location having no networkedelectronic device. Further, in some implementations, a room or space inthe structure may have multiple voice-activated devices 104.

In some implementations, the voice-activated device 104 includes atleast one or more microphones, a speaker, a processor and memory storingat least one program for execution by the processor. The speaker isconfigured to allow the voice-activated device 104 to deliver voicemessages and other audio (e.g., audible tones) to a location where thevoice-activated device 104 is located in the operating environment 100,thereby broadcasting music, reporting a state of audio input processing,having a conversation with or giving instructions to a user of thevoice-activated device 104. As an alternative to the voice messages,visual signals could also be used to provide feedback to the user of thevoice-activated device 104 concerning the state of audio inputprocessing. When the voice-activated device 104 is a mobile device(e.g., a mobile phone or a tablet computer), its display screen isconfigured to display a notification concerning the state of audio inputprocessing.

In some implementations, the voice-activated device 104 is a voiceinterface device that is network-connected to provide voice recognitionfunctions with the aid of a voice assistance server system 112. Forexample, the voice-activated device 104 includes a smart speaker thatprovides music to a user and allows eyes-free and hands-free access to avoice assistant service (e.g., Google Assistant). Optionally, thevoice-activated device 104 is one of a desktop or laptop computer, atablet, a mobile phone that includes a microphone, a cast device thatincludes a microphone and optionally a speaker, an audio system (e.g., astereo system, a speaker system, a portable speaker) that includes amicrophone and a speaker, a television that includes a microphone and aspeaker, and a user interface system in an automobile that includes amicrophone and a speaker and optionally a display. Optionally, thevoice-activated device 104 is a simple and low cost voice interfacedevice. Generally, the voice-activated device 104 may be any device thatis capable of network connection and that includes a microphone, aspeaker, and programs, modules, and data for interacting with voiceassistant service. Given simplicity and low cost of the voice-activateddevice 104, the voice-activated device 104 includes an array of lightemitting diodes (LEDs) rather than a full display screen, and displays avisual pattern on the LEDs to indicate the state of audio inputprocessing. In some implementations, the LEDs are full color LEDs, andthe colors of the LEDs may be employed as a part of the visual patternto be displayed on the LEDs. Multiple examples of using LEDs to displayvisual patterns in order to convey information or device status aredescribed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/336,566,entitled “LED Design Language for Visual Affordance of Voice UserInterfaces,” filed May 13, 2016, which is incorporated by reference inits entirety. In some implementations, visual patterns indicating thestate of voice processing operations are displayed using characteristicimages shown on conventional displays associated with voice-activateddevices that are performing the voice processing operations.

In some implementations, LEDs or other visual displays are used toconvey a collective voice processing state of multiple participatingelectronic devices. For example, in an operating environment where thereare multiple voice processing or voice interface devices (e.g., multipleelectronic devices 400 as shown in FIG. 4A of the '566 application;multiple voice-activated devices 104), groups of color LEDs (e.g., LEDs404 as shown in FIG. 4A of the '566 application) associated withrespective electronic devices can be used to convey which of theelectronic devices is listening to a user, and which of the listeningdevices is the leader (where the “leader” device generally takes thelead in responding to a spoken request issued by the user).

More generally, the '566 application describes (e.g., see paras.[0087]-[0100]) a “LED Design Language” for indicating visually using acollection of LEDs a variety of voice processing states of an electronicdevice, such as a “Hot word detection state and listening state,” a“Thinking mode or working mode,” and a “Responding mode or speakingmode.” In some implementations, unique states of voice processingoperations described herein are represented using a group of LEDs inaccordance with one or more aspects of the “LED Design Language” of the'566 application. These visual indicators can also be combined with oneor more audible indicators generated by electronic devices that areperforming voice processing operations. The resulting audio and/orvisual indicators will enable users in a voice-interactive environmentto understand the state of various voice processing electronic devicesin the environment and to effectively interact with those devices in anatural, intuitive manner.

In some implementations, voice processing states that can be visuallyindicated by a collection of LEDs (e.g., LEDs 404 as shown in FIG. 4A ofthe '566 application) using LED Design Language Elements described inthe '566 application include the status of one or more focus sessions,identities of one or more users associated with one or more particularfocus sessions, and/or duration of one or more active focus sessions.For example, similar to implementations and LED visual effects describedwith reference to FIGS. 4F, 4G and 4H of the '566 application, differentlight patterns, color combinations and/or specific motion of acollection of LEDs may be used to indicate that a focus session isactive, has been extended due to detection of a second voice input,and/or has recently lapsed due to lack of user voice interaction withthe electronic device 104. One or more identities of one or more usersassociated with particular focus sessions can also be indicated withdifferent light patterns, color combinations and/or specific motion of acollection of LEDs that visually identify particular users.

In some implementations, when voice inputs to the voice-activated device104 are used to control the media output devices via the cast devices,the voice-activated device 104 effectively enables a new level ofcontrol of cast-enabled media devices. In a specific example, thevoice-activated device 104 includes a casual enjoyment speaker withfar-field voice access and functions as a voice interface device for thevoice assistant service. The voice-activated device 104 could bedisposed in any area in the operating environment 100. When multiplevoice-activated devices 104 are distributed in multiple rooms, theybecome cast audio receivers that are synchronized to provide voiceinputs from these rooms.

Specifically, in some implementations, the voice-activated device 104includes a Wi-Fi speaker with a microphone that is connected to avoice-activated voice assistant service (e.g., Google Assistant). A usercan issue a media play request via the microphone of voice-activateddevice 104, and ask the voice assistant service to play media content onthe voice-activated device 104 itself or on another connected mediaoutput device. For example, the user can issue a media play request bysaying to the Wi-Fi speaker “OK Google, play cat videos on my Livingroom TV.” The voice assistant service then fulfils the media playrequest by playing the requested media content on the requested deviceusing a default or designated media application.

In some implementations, a user can issue a voice request, via themicrophone of the voice-activated device 104, concerning media contentthat has already been played or is being played on a display device(e.g., the user can ask for information about the media content, buy themedia content through an online store, or compose and issue a socialpost about the media content).

In some implementations, a user may want to take a current media sessionwith them as they move through the house and can request such a servicefrom one or more of the voice-activated devices 104. This requires thevoice assistant service 140 to transfer the current media session from afirst cast device to a second cast device that is not directly connectedto the first cast device or has no knowledge of the existence of thefirst cast device. Subsequent to the media content transfer, a secondoutput device coupled to the second cast device continues to play themedia content previously a first output device coupled to the first castdevice from the exact point within a music track or a video clip whereplay of the media content was forgone on the first output device. Insome implementations, the voice-activated device 104 that receives therequest to transfer the media session can satisfy the request. In someimplementations, the voice-activated device 104 that receives therequest to transfer the media session relays the request to anotherdevice or system (e.g., voice assistance server system 112) forhandling.

Further, in some implementations, a user may issue, via the microphoneof voice-activated device 104, a request for information or forperformance of an action or operation. The information requested may bepersonal (e.g., the user's emails, the user's calendar events, theuser's flight information, etc.), non-personal (e.g., sports scores,news stories, etc.) or somewhere in between (e.g., scores for teams orsports preferred by the user, news stories from the user's preferredsources, etc.). The requested information or action/operation mayinvolve access to personal information (e.g., purchasing a digital mediaitem with payment information provided by the user, purchasing aphysical good). The voice-activated device 104 responds to the requestwith voice message responses to the user, where the response mayinclude, for example, requests for additional information to fulfill therequest, confirmation that the request has been fulfilled, notice thatthe request cannot be fulfilled, and so forth.

In some implementations, in addition to the voice-activated devices 104and the media devices amongst the controllable devices 106, theoperating environment 100 may also include one or more smart homedevices amongst the controllable devices 106. The integrated smart homedevices include intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected devicesthat integrate seamlessly with each other in a smart home network and/orwith a central server or a cloud-computing system to provide a varietyof useful smart home functions. In some implementations, a smart homedevice is disposed at the same location of the operating environment 100as a cast device and/or an output device, and therefore, is located inproximity to or with a known distance with respect to the cast deviceand the output device.

The smart home devices in the operating environment 100 may include, butare not limited to, one or more intelligent, multi-sensing,network-connected thermostats, one or more intelligent,network-connected, multi-sensing hazard detectors, one or moreintelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected entryway interface devicesand (hereinafter referred to as “smart doorbells” and “smart doorlocks”), one or more intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected alarmsystems, one or more intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connectedcamera systems, one or more intelligent, multi-sensing,network-connected wall switches, one or more intelligent, multi-sensing,network-connected power sockets, and one or more intelligent,multi-sensing, network-connected lights. In some implementations, thesmart home devices in the operating environment 100 of FIG. 1 includes aplurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected appliances(hereinafter referred to as “smart appliances”), such as refrigerators,stoves, ovens, televisions, washers, dryers, lights, stereos, intercomsystems, garage-door openers, floor fans, ceiling fans, wall airconditioners, pool heaters, irrigation systems, security systems, spaceheaters, window AC units, motorized duct vents, and so forth. In someimplementations, any one of these smart home device types can beoutfitted with microphones and one or more voice processing capabilitiesas described herein so as to in whole or in part respond to voicerequests from an occupant or user.

In some implementations, each of the controllable devices 104 and thevoice-activated devices 104 is capable of data communications andinformation sharing with other controllable devices 106, voice-activatedelectronic devices 104, a central server or cloud-computing system,and/or other devices (e.g., a client device) that are network-connected.Data communications may be carried out using any of a variety of customor standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee,6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART,MiWi, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wiredprotocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), or any other suitablecommunication protocol, including communication protocols not yetdeveloped as of the filing date of this document.

Through the communication networks (e.g., the Internet) 110, thecontrollable devices 106 and the voice-activated devices 104 maycommunicate with a server system (also called a central server systemand/or a cloud-computing system herein). Optionally, the server systemmay be associated with a manufacturer, support entity, or serviceprovider associated with the controllable devices and the media contentdisplayed to the user. Accordingly, the server system includes the voiceassistance server 112 that processes audio inputs collected byvoice-activated devices 104, one or more content hosts 114 that providethe displayed media content, optionally a cloud cast service servercreating a virtual user domain based on distributed device terminals,and the device registry 118 that keeps a record of the distributeddevice terminals in the virtual user environment. Examples of thedistributed device terminals include, but are not limited to thecontrollable devices 106, the voice-activated devices 104, and the mediaoutput devices. In some implementations, these distributed deviceterminals are linked to a user account (e.g., a Google user account) inthe virtual user domain. It should be appreciated that processing ofaudio inputs collected by voice-activated devices 104, including thegeneration of responses to those inputs, can be performed locally at avoice-activated device 104, at a voice assistance server 112, at anothersmart home device (e.g., a hub device or a controllable device 106) orat some combination of all or subset of the above.

It will be appreciated that in some implementations the voice-activateddevice(s) 104 also function in an environment without smart homedevices. For example, a voice-activated device 104 can, even in theabsence of smart home devices, respond to user requests for informationor performance of an action, and/or to initiate or control various mediaplay functions. A voice-activated device 104 can also function in a widerange of environments, including, without limitation, a vehicle, a ship,a business, or a manufacturing environment.

In some implementations, a voice-activated device 104 is “awakened”(e.g., to activate an interface for the voice assistant service on thevoice-activated device 104, to put the voice-activated device 104 into astate where the voice-activated device 104 is ready to receive voicerequests to the voice assistant service) by a voice input that includesa hotword (also called a “wake word”). In some implementations, thevoice-activated device 104 requires awakening if the voice-activateddevice 104 has been idle with respect to receipt of voice inputs for atleast a predefined amount of time (e.g., 5 minutes); the predefinedamount of time corresponds to an amount of idle time allowed before avoice interface session or conversation times out. The hotword may be aword or phrase, and may be a predefined default and/or may be customizedby a user (e.g., a user may set a nickname for a particularvoice-activated device 104 as the device's hotword). In someimplementations, there may be multiple hotwords that can awaken avoice-activated device 104. A user may speak the hotword, wait for anacknowledgement response from the voice-activated device 104 (e.g., thevoice-activated device 104 outputs a greeting), and them make a firstvoice request. Alternatively, the user may combine the hotword and thefirst voice request in one voice input (e.g., the voice input includesthe hotword followed by the voice request).

In some implementations, a voice-activated device 104 interacts with acontrollable device 106 (e.g., a media device, a smart home device), aclient device or a server system of an operating environment 100 inaccordance with some implementations. The voice-activated device 104 isconfigured to receive audio inputs from an environment in proximity tothe voice-activated device 104. Optionally, the voice-activated device104 stores the audio inputs and at least partially processes the audioinputs locally. Optionally, the voice-activated device 104 transmits thereceived audio inputs or the partially processed audio inputs to a voiceassistance server system 112 via the communication networks 110 forfurther processing. The voice-activated device 104 or the voiceassistance server system 112 determines if there is a request in theaudio input and what the request is, determines and generates a responseto the request, and transmits the request to one or more controllabledevice(s) 106. The controllable device(s) 106 receiving the response isconfigured to perform operations or change states in accordance with theresponse. For example, a media device is configured to obtain mediacontent or Internet content from one or more content hosts 114 fordisplay on an output device coupled to the media device, in accordancewith a response to a request in the audio input.

In some implementations, the controllable device(s) 106 and thevoice-activated device(s) 104 are linked to each other in a user domain,and more specifically, associated with each other via a user account inthe user domain. Information on the controllable device 106 (whether onthe local network 108 or on the network 110) and the voice-activateddevice 104 (whether on the local network 108 or on the network 110) arestored in the device registry 118 in association with the user account.In some implementations, there is a device registry for controllabledevices 106 and a device registry for voice-activated devices 104. Thecontrollable devices registry may reference devices in thevoice-activated devices registry that are associated in the user domain,and vice versa.

In some implementations, one or more of the voice-activated devices 104(and one or more cast devices) and one or more of the controllabledevices 106 are commissioned to the voice assistant service 140 via aclient device 103. In some implementations, the voice-activated device104 does not include any display screen, and relies on the client device103 to provide a user interface during a commissioning process, andsimilarly for a controllable device 106 as well. Specifically, theclient device 103 is installed with an application that enables a userinterface to facilitate commissioning of a new voice-activated device104 and/or a controllable device 106 disposed in proximity to the clientdevice. A user may send a request on the user interface of the clientdevice 103 to initiate a commissioning process for the new electronicdevice 104/106 that needs to be commissioned. After receiving thecommissioning request, the client device 103 establishes a short rangecommunication link with the new electronic device 104/103 that needs tobe commissioned. Optionally, the short range communication link isestablished based near field communication (NFC), Bluetooth, BluetoothLow Energy (BLE) and the like. The client device 103 then conveyswireless configuration data associated with a wireless local areanetwork (WLAN) (e.g., local network 108) to the new or electronic device104/106. The wireless configuration data includes at least a WLANsecurity code (i.e., service set identifier (SSID) password), andoptionally includes a SSID, an Internet protocol (IP) address, proxyconfiguration and gateway configuration. After receiving the wirelessconfiguration data via the short range communication link, the newelectronic device 104/106 decodes and recovers the wirelessconfiguration data, and joins the WLAN based on the wirelessconfiguration data.

In some implementations, additional user domain information is enteredon the user interface displayed on the client device 103, and used tolink the new electronic device 104/106 to an account in a user domain.Optionally, the additional user domain information is conveyed to thenew electronic device 104/106 in conjunction with the wirelesscommunication data via the short range communication link. Optionally,the additional user domain information is conveyed to the new electronicdevice 104/106 via the WLAN after the new device has joined the WLAN.

Once the electronic device 104/106 has been commissioned into the userdomain, other devices and their associated activities may be controlledvia multiple control paths. In accordance with one control path, anapplication installed on the client device 103 is used to control theother device and its associated activities (e.g., media playactivities). Alternatively, in accordance with another control path, theelectronic device 104/106 is used to enable eyes-free and hands-freecontrol of the other device and its associated activities.

In some implementations, voice-activated devices 104 and controllabledevices 106 may be assigned nicknames by a user (e.g., by the primaryuser with whom the devices are associated in the user domain). Forexample, a speaker device in the living room may be assigned a nickname“living room speaker.” In this way, the user may more easily refer to adevice in a voice input by speaking the device's nickname. In someimplementations, the device nicknames and mappings to correspondingdevices are stored at a voice-activated device 104 (which would storethe nicknames of just the devices associated with the same user as thevoice-activated device) and/or the voice assistance server system 112(which would store device nicknames of devices associated with differentusers). For example, the voice assistance server system 112 stores manydevice nicknames and mappings across different devices and users, andvoice-activated devices 104 associated with a particular user downloadnicknames and mappings for devices associated with the particular userfor local storage.

In some implementations, a user may group one or more of thevoice-activated devices 104 and/or controllable devices 106 into a groupof devices created by the user. The group may be given a name, and thegroup of devices may be referred by the group name, similarly toreferring to individual devices by nickname. Similarly to devicenicknames, device groups and group names may be stored at avoice-activated device 104 and/or the voice assistance server system112.

A voice input from the user may explicitly specify a target controllabledevice 106 or a target group of devices for the request in the voiceinput. For example, a user may utter a voice input “play classical musicon the living room speaker.” The target device in the voice input is“living room speaker”; the request in the voice input is a request tohave the “living room speaker” play classical music. As another example,a user may utter a voice input “play classical music on the housespeakers,” where “house speakers” is a name of a group of devices. Thetarget device group in the voice input is “house speakers”; the requestin the voice input is a request to have the devices in the group “housespeakers” play classical music.

A voice input from the user may not have an explicit specification of atarget device or device group; a reference to a target device or devicegroup by name is absent in the voice input. For example, following onthe example voice input “play classical music on the living roomspeaker” above, the user may utter a subsequent voice input “pause.” Thevoice input does not include a target device specification for therequest for a pause operation. In some implementations, the targetdevice specification in the voice input may be ambiguous. For example,the user may have uttered the device name incompletely. In someimplementations, a target device or device group may be assigned to thevoice input where an explicit target device specification is absent orthe target device specification is ambiguous, as described below.

In some implementations, when a voice-activated device 104 receives avoice input with an explicit specification of a target device or devicegroup, the voice-activated device 104 establishes a focus session withrespect to the specified target device or device group. In someimplementations, the voice-activated device 104 stores, for the focussession, a session start time (e.g., the timestamp of the voice inputbased on which the focus session was started) and, as the in-focusdevice for the focus session, the specified target device or devicegroup. In some implementations, the voice-activated device 104 also logssubsequent voice inputs in the focus session. The voice-activated device104 logs at least the most recent voice input in the focus session andoptionally logs and retains preceding voice inputs within the focussession as well. In some implementations, the voice assistance serversystem 112 establishes the focus session. In some implementations, thefocus session may be ended by a voice input explicitly specifying adifferent target device or device group.

While a focus session with respect to a device is active and thevoice-activated device receives a voice input, the voice-activateddevice 104 makes one or more determinations with respect to the voiceinput. In some implementations, the determinations include: whether thevoice inputs include an explicit target device specification, whetherthe request in the voice input is one that can be fulfilled by thein-focus device, and a time of the voice input compared to the time ofthe last voice input in the focus session and/or the session start time.If the voice input does not include an explicit target devicespecification, includes a request that can be fulfilled by the in-focusdevice, and satisfies predefined time criteria with respect to the timeof the last voice input in the focus session and/or the session starttime, then the in-focus device is assigned as the target device for thevoice input. Further details regarding focus sessions are describedbelow.

Devices in the Operating Environment

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example voice-activated device104 that is applied as a voice interface to collect user voice commandsin an operating environment (e.g., operating environment 100) inaccordance with some implementations. The voice-activated device 104,typically, includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 202, one or morenetwork interfaces 204, memory 206, and one or more communication buses208 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset).The voice-activated device 104 includes one or more input devices 210that facilitate user input, such as a button 212, a touch sense array214, and one or more microphones 216. The voice-activated device 104also includes one or more output devices 218, including one or morespeakers 220, optionally an array of LEDs 222, and optionally a display224. In some implementations, the array of LEDs 222 is an array of fullcolor LEDs. In some implementations, a voice-activated device 104,depending on the type of device, has either the array of LEDs 222, orthe display 224, or both. In some implementations, the voice-activateddevice 104 also includes a location detection device 226 (e.g., a GPSmodule) and one or more sensors 228 (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope,light sensor, etc.).

Memory 206 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM,DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and,optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magneticdisk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one ormore flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid statestorage devices. Memory 206, optionally, includes one or more storagedevices remotely located from one or more processing units 202. Memory206, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 206,includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In someimplementations, memory 206, or the non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of memory 206, stores the following programs, modules,and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Operating system 232 including procedures for handling various        basic system services and for performing hardware dependent        tasks;    -   Network communication module 234 for connecting the        voice-activated device 104 to other devices (e.g., the voice        assistance service 140, one or more controllable devices 106,        one or more client devices 103, and other voice-activated        device(s) 104) via one or more network interfaces 204 (wired or        wireless) and one or more networks 110, such as the Internet,        other wide area networks, local area networks (e.g., local        network 108), metropolitan area networks, and so on;    -   Input/output control module 236 for receiving inputs via one or        more input devices and enabling presentation of information at        the voice-activated device 104 via one or more output devices        218, including:        -   Voice processing module 238 for processing audio inputs or            voice messages collected in an environment surrounding the            voice-activated device 104, or preparing the collected audio            inputs or voice messages for processing at a voice            assistance server system 112;        -   LED control module 240 for generating visual patterns on the            LEDs 222 according to device states of the voice-activated            device 104; and        -   Touch sense module 242 for sensing touch events on a top            surface (e.g., on touch sensor array 214) of the            voice-activated device 104;    -   Voice activated device data 244 for storing at least data        associated with the voice-activated device 104, including:        -   Voice device settings 246 for storing information associated            with the voice-activated device 104 itself, including common            device settings (e.g., service tier, device model, storage            capacity, processing capabilities, communication            capabilities, etc.), information of one or more user            accounts in a user domain, device nicknames and device            groups, settings regarding restrictions when dealing with a            non-registered user, and display specifications associated            with one or more visual patterns displayed by the LEDs 222;            and        -   Voice control data 248 for storing audio signals, voice            messages, response messages and other data related to voice            interface functions of the voice-activated device 104;    -   Response module 250 for performing instructions included in        voice request responses generated by the voice assistance server        system 112, and in some implementations, generating responses to        certain voice inputs; and    -   Focus session module 252 for establishing, managing, and ending        focus sessions with respect to devices.

In some implementations, the voice processing module 238 includes thefollowing modules (not shown):

-   -   User identification module for identifying and disambiguating        users who provide voice inputs to the voice-activated device        104;    -   Hotword recognition module for determining whether voice inputs        include a hotword for waking up the voice-activated device 104        and recognizing such in the voice inputs; and    -   Request recognition module for determining a user request        included in a voice input.

In some implementations, memory 206 also stores focus session data 254for an outstanding focus session, including the following:

-   -   Session in-focus device(s) 256 for storing an identifier of the        device or device group in focus in an outstanding focus session        (e.g., the device nickname, the device group name, MAC        address(es) of the device(s));    -   Session start time 258 for storing a timestamp for the start of        the outstanding focus session; and    -   Session command history 260 for storing a log of prior requests        or commands in the focus session, including at least the most        recent request/command. The log includes at least the        timestamp(s) of the logged prior request(s)/command(s).

Each of the above identified elements may be stored in one or more ofthe previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set ofinstructions for performing a function described above. The aboveidentified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not beimplemented as separate software programs, procedures, modules or datastructures, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined orotherwise re-arranged in various implementations. In someimplementations, memory 206, optionally, stores a subset of the modulesand data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 206,optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not describedabove. In some implementations, a subset of the programs, modules,and/or data stored in the memory 206 can be stored on and/or executed bythe voice assistance server system 112.

In some implementations, one or more of the modules in memory 206described above are part of a voice processing library of modules. Thevoice processing library may be implemented and embedded on a widevariety of devices. An example of a voice processing library isdescribed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/334,434,entitled “Implementations for Voice Assistant on Devices,” filed May 10,2016, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In someimplementations, the voice assistant client library 240 shown in FIGS. 2and 4 of the '434 application, which is incorporated herein, may includeadditional voice assistant library modules 240 described herein that arerelated to focus sessions. For example, without limitation, the voiceassistant library 240 of the '434 application may include the responsemodule 250 and/or focus session module 252 of FIG. 2 of thisapplication, or modules providing other focus session functionality.Similarly, the platform APIs 244 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 of the '434application may include modules that allow the voice assistant librarymodules 240 of the '434 application (including those related to focussessions), to interface with hardware functionality of a voice assistantdevice 104 and modules used for that purpose, including, withoutlimitation, the LED control module 240 and/or the touch sense module 242shown in FIG. 2 of this application.

As noted at para. [0071] of the '434 application, “[a]n advantage of thevoice assistant client library organization depicted in FIG. 4 is thatit enables the same or similar voice processing functionality to beprovided on a wide range of voice assistant device types with [a]consistent APIs and sets of voice assistant functions. This consistencysupports portability of voice assistant applications and consistency ofvoice assistant operations, which in turn promotes consistent userinteractions and familiarity with voice assistant applications andfunctions that execute on different device types.” Similarly, includingmodules that implement focus session functionality in the voiceassistant library 240 of the '434 application would enable this usefulfunctionality to be implemented in a wide range of voice assistantdevices 104. In some implementations, all or part of the voice assistantclient library 240 (including modules associated with focus sessions asdescribed herein) may be provided at the server 112 of this application(similar to the server 114 of FIG. 3 of the '434 application) to supportserver-based voice assistant applications (e.g., server applicationsthat operate on voice inputs transmitted to the server 114 forprocessing) that include focus session features.

FIGS. 3A-3B are block diagrams illustrating an example voice assistanceserver system 112 of a voice assistant service 140 of an operatingenvironment (e.g., operating environment 100) in accordance with someimplementations. The server system 112, typically, includes one or moreprocessing units (CPUs) 302, one or more network interfaces 304, memory306, and one or more communication buses 308 for interconnecting thesecomponents (sometimes called a chipset). The server system 112 mayinclude one or more input devices 310 that facilitate user input, suchas a keyboard, a mouse, a voice-command input unit or microphone, atouch screen display, a touch-sensitive input pad, a gesture capturingcamera, or other input buttons or controls. Furthermore, the serversystem 112 may use a microphone and voice recognition or a camera andgesture recognition to supplement or replace the keyboard. In someimplementations, the server system 112 includes one or more cameras,scanners, or photo sensor units for capturing images, for example, ofgraphic series codes printed on the electronic devices. The serversystem 112 may also include one or more output devices 312 that enablepresentation of user interfaces and display content, including one ormore speakers and/or one or more visual displays.

Memory 306 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM,DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and,optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magneticdisk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one ormore flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid statestorage devices. Memory 306, optionally, includes one or more storagedevices remotely located from one or more processing units 302. Memory306, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 306,includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In someimplementations, memory 306, or the non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of memory 306, stores the following programs, modules,and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Operating system 316 including procedures for handling various        basic system services and for performing hardware dependent        tasks;    -   Network communication module 318 for connecting the server        system 112 to other devices (e.g., client devices 103,        controllable devices 106, voice-activated devices 104) via one        or more network interfaces 304 (wired or wireless) and one or        more networks 110, such as the Internet, other wide area        networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and        so on;    -   User interface module 320 for enabling presentation of        information (e.g., a graphical user interface for presenting        application(s) 322-328, widgets, websites and web pages thereof,        and/or games, audio and/or video content, text, etc.) at a        client device;    -   Command execution module 321 for execution on the server side        (e.g., games, social network applications, smart home        applications, and/or other web or non-web based applications for        controlling a client device 103, a controllable device 106, a        voice-activated device 104 and a smart home devices and        reviewing data captured by such devices), including one or more        of:        -   a cast device application 322 that is executed to provide            server-side functionalities for device provisioning, device            control, and user account management associated with cast            device(s);        -   one or more media player applications 324 that is executed            to provide server-side functionalities for media display and            user account management associated with corresponding media            sources;        -   one or more smart home device applications 326 that is            executed to provide server-side functionalities for device            provisioning, device control, data processing and data            review of corresponding smart home devices; and        -   a voice assistance application 328 that is executed to            arrange voice processing of a voice message received from            the voice-activated device 104 or directly process the voice            message to extract a user voice command and one or more            parameters for the user voice command (e.g., a designation            of a cast device or another voice-activated device 104); and    -   Server system data 330 storing at least data associated with        automatic control of media display (e.g., in an automatic media        output mode and a follow-up mode) and other data, including one        or more of:        -   Client device settings 332 for storing information            associated with one or more client device, including common            device settings (e.g., service tier, device model, storage            capacity, processing capabilities, communication            capabilities, etc.), and information for automatic media            display control;        -   Cast device settings 334 for storing information associated            with user accounts of the cast device application 322,            including one or more of account access information,            information for device settings (e.g., service tier, device            model, storage capacity, processing capabilities,            communication capabilities, etc.), and information for            automatic media display control;        -   Media player application settings 336 for storing            information associated with user accounts of one or more            media player applications 324, including one or more of            account access information, user preferences of media            content types, review history data, and information for            automatic media display control;        -   Smart home device settings 338 for storing information            associated with user accounts of the smart home applications            326, including one or more of account access information,            information for one or more smart home devices (e.g.,            service tier, device model, storage capacity, processing            capabilities, communication capabilities, etc.);        -   Voice assistance data 340 for storing information associated            with user accounts of the voice assistance application 328,            including one or more of account access information,            information for one or more voice-activated devices 104            (e.g., service tier, device model, storage capacity,            processing capabilities, communication capabilities, etc.);        -   User data 342 for storing information associated with users            in the user domain, including users' subscriptions (e.g.,            music streaming service subscriptions, video streaming            service subscriptions, newsletter subscriptions), user            devices (e.g., devices registered in the device registry 118            associated with respective users, device nicknames, device            groups), user accounts (e.g., users' email accounts,            calendar accounts, financial accounts), and other user data;        -   User voice profiles 344 for storing voice profiles of the            users in the user domain, including, for example, voice            models or voice fingerprints of the users and comfortable            volume level thresholds of the users; and        -   Focus sessions data 346 for storing focus sessions data for            multiple devices.    -   Device registration module 348 for managing the device registry        118;    -   Voice processing module 350 for processing audio inputs or voice        messages collected in an environment surrounding the electronic        device 104; and    -   Focus session module 352 for establishing, managing, and ending        focus sessions with respect to devices.

Referring to FIG. 3B, in some implementations, memory 306 also storesfocus session data 346 for one or more outstanding focus sessions 3462-1thru 3462-M, including the following:

-   -   Session source device 3464 for storing an identifier of the        device at which a focus session is established;    -   Session in-focus device(s) 3466 for storing an identifier of the        device or device group in focus in an outstanding focus session        (e.g., the device nickname, the device group name, MAC        address(es) of the device(s));    -   Session start time 3468 for storing a timestamp for the start of        the outstanding focus session; and    -   Session command history 3470 for storing a log of prior requests        or commands in the focus session, including at least the most        recent request/command.

In some implementations, the voice assistance server system 112 isprimarily responsible for processing of voice inputs, and thus one ormore of the programs, modules, and data structures in memory 206described above with reference to FIG. 2 are included in respectivemodules in memory 306 (e.g., the programs, modules, and data structuresincluded with voice processing module 238 are included in voiceprocessing module 350). The voice-activated device 104 either transmitscaptured voice inputs to the voice assistance server system 112 forprocessing, or first pre-processes the voice inputs and transmits thepre-processed voice inputs to the voice assistance server system 112 forprocessing. In some implementations, the voice assistance server system112 and the voice-activated device 104 has some shared and some dividedresponsibilities regarding processing of voice inputs, and the programs,modules, and data structures shown in FIG. 2 may be included in both ordivided amongst the voice assistance server system 112 and thevoice-activated device 104. Other programs, modules, and data structuresshown in FIG. 2, or analogues thereof, may also be included in the voiceassistance server system 112.

Each of the above identified elements may be stored in one or more ofthe previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set ofinstructions for performing a function described above. The aboveidentified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not beimplemented as separate software programs, procedures, modules or datastructures, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined orotherwise re-arranged in various implementations. In someimplementations, memory 306, optionally, stores a subset of the modulesand data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 306,optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not describedabove.

Example Focus Session

FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate an example of a focus session in accordance withsome implementations. In an operating environment with a voice-activateddevice 104 (e.g., operating environment 100) and multiple controllabledevices 106, when a user in the environment makes a voice inputspecifying one of the controllable devices 106 as a target device, afocus session may be established with the target device as the in-focusdevice.

FIG. 4A shows a voice-activated device 404 (e.g., voice-activated device104) and three controllable devices 406, 408, and 410 (e.g.,controllable devices 106) in an operating environment (e.g., operatingenvironment 100). The devices may be in the same space as a user 402(e.g., in the same room) or spread throughout a structure in which theuser is located. Device 406 is a speaker system nicknamed “masterbedroom speaker.” Device 408 is a media device nicknamed “living roomTV.” Device 410 is a media device nicknamed “game room TV.” There is nofocus session at the moment; focus session 418 is empty.

The user 402 utters a voice input 403 “play cat videos on game room TV,”and the voice-activated device 404 receives the voice input. Thevoice-activated device 404 determines that the request in the voiceinput 403 is a request to play cat videos, and the target device is the“game room TV” device 410 explicitly specified in the voice input 403. Asession 418 with the in-focus device being the “game room TV” device 410is established at the voice-activated device 404, as shown in FIG. 4B. Acommand to play cat videos is sent (by the device 404 or the voiceassistance server system 112) to the “game room TV” device 410, and thedevice 410 performs the operation 416.

Referring to FIG. 4C, subsequently, while the session 418 with the “gameroom TV” 410 in focus is active and the operation 416 is being performedby the device 410, the user 402 utters another voice input “pause” 420.The voice-activated device 404 determines whether the voice input 420includes a specification of a target device, and whether the request inthe voice input 420 can be performed by the in-focus device 410. In thecase of the specific voice input 420 “pause,” the voice-activated device404 determines that the voice input 420 does not include a specificationof a target device and that the request in the voice input (“pause”whatever is playing) can be performed by the in-focus device. In someimplementations, determining whether the voice input 420 includes aspecification of a target device includes looking for matches to devicenicknames in the voice input (e.g., performing speech-to-textrecognition on the voice input and parsing the text to look for devicenicknames). In some implementations, determining whether a request inthe voice input can be performed by the in-focus device includesdetermining what the request in the voice input is and comparing therequest to the command history (e.g., history 260) of the current focussession 418 for consistency with the last command in the session (e.g.,a “pause music” request is inconsistent with a most recent command thatis “pause music”), as well as comparing the request for consistency withcapabilities of the in-focus device (e.g., a “pause music” request isinconsistent with the capabilities of a smart light).

In some implementations, the voice-activated device 404 also determineswhether the voice input 420 meets one or more focus session maintenancecriteria. In some implementations, a focus session maintenance criterionis that the timestamp of the voice input 420 is within a certain timefrom the timestamp of the last voice input 403 in the active session(e.g., the second voice input is received within a certain time of thepreceding first voice input). In some implementations, there aremultiple time thresholds for this criterion. For example, there may be afirst, shorter time threshold (e.g., 20 minutes) and a second, longertime threshold (e.g., 4 hours). If the voice input 420 is receivedwithin the first, shorter threshold of the last voice input 403, and theother criteria above are satisfied, then the in-focus device is set asthe target device for the voice input 420 (and, in some implementation,transmits this target device setting as well when transmitting the voiceinput 420 to the voice assistance server system 112 for processing). Forexample, voice input 420 is determined to not include a target devicespecification and that the request “pause” is consistent with the lastcommand “play cat videos.” If the voice input 420 is received within theshorter time threshold of voice input 403, then the in-focus device,“game room TV” device 410, is set as the target device for voice input420, and the operation 416 being performed at the “game room TV” device410 is pausing the cat videos in accordance with the voice input 420, asshown in FIG. 4D.

If the voice input 420 is received after the first, shorter threshold,and within the second, longer threshold, of the last voice input 403,and the other criteria above are satisfied, the voice-activated device404 outputs a voice prompt to request confirmation from the user thatthe in-focus device is the desired target device for the voice input420. The voice-activated device 404, upon receiving confirmation thatthe in-focus device is the desired target device, maintains the session418 and sets the in-focus device as the target device for the voiceinput 420 (and, in some implementation, transmits this target devicesetting as well when transmitting the voice input 420 to the voiceassistance server system 112 for processing). If the user does notconfirm the target device, the voice-activated device 404 may requestthat the user provide a target device specification, request that theuser say the voice input again but include a target devicespecification, and/or end the session 418. In some implementations, ifthe voice input 420 is received after the second, longer threshold fromof the last voice input 403, or the other criteria described above arenot satisfied, the session 418 is ended. In some implementations, thevalues of these time thresholds are stored in memory 206 and/or memory306. Time elapsed between voice inputs is compared to these thresholds.

In some implementations, the lack of an explicitly specified targetdevice in the voice input and consistency of the request in the voiceinput with the last voice input and with the capabilities of thein-focus device are also considered to be focus session maintenancecriteria.

Example Process

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 500 of responding to avoice input of a user in accordance with some implementations. In someimplementations, the method 500 is implemented at a first electronicdevice (e.g., voice-activated device 104) with one or more microphones,a speaker, one or more processors and memory storing one or moreprograms for execution by the one or more processors. This firstelectronic device is a member of a local group of connected electronicdevices (e.g., voice-activated devices 104 and controllable devices 106associated with a user account; controllable devices 106 associated witha particular voice-activated device 104) communicatively coupled (e.g.,through networks 110) to a common network service (e.g., the voiceassistance service 140).

The first electronic device receives (502) a first voice commandincluding a request for a first operation. For example, avoice-activated device 404 receives a first voice input 403.

The first electronic devices determine (504) a first target device forthe first operation from among the local group of connected electronicdevices. The voice-activated device 404 determines (e.g., based onprocessing by the voice processing module 238) a target device (ordevice group) for the voice input 403 from among the devices 406, 408,and 410. The voice-activated device 404 recognizes the target devicespecification “game room TV” in the voice input 403 as “game room TV”device 410.

The first electronic device establishes (506) a focus session withrespect to the first target device (or device group). Thevoice-activated device 404 (e.g., the focus session module 252)establishes a focus session 418 with the “game room TV” device 410 asthe in-focus device.

The first electronic device causes (508) the first operation to beperformed by the first target device (or device group) via operation ofthe common network service. The voice-activated device 404 or the voiceassistance server system 112 transmits a command, via the voiceassistance service 140, to device 410 to perform the operation requestedin voice input 403.

The first electronic device receives (510) a second voice commandincluding a request for a second operation. The voice-activated device404 receives a second voice input 420.

The first electronic device determines (512) that the second voicecommand does not include an explicit designation of a second targetdevice (or device group). The voice-activated device 404 determines(e.g., based on processing by the voice processing module 238) a targetdevice for the voice input 420, and recognizes that the voice input 420does not include a target device specification.

The first electronic device determines (514) that the second operationcan be performed by the first target device (or device group). Thevoice-activated device 404 determines that the operation requested inthe voice input 420 is capable of being performed by the in-focus device410 and is consistent with the last operation requested in voice input403 and being performed by the in-focus device 410.

The first electronic device determines (516) whether the second voicecommand satisfies one or more focus session maintenance criteria. Thevoice-activated device 404 determines whether the voice input 420 isreceived within a certain time of the voice input 403.

In accordance with a determination that the second voice commandsatisfies the focus session maintenance criteria, the first electronicdevice causes (518) the second operation to be performed by the firsttarget device (or device group) via operation of the common networkservice. The voice-activated device 404 determines that the voice input420 is received within a first, shorter time threshold of voice input403, and in accordance with that determination sets the target devicefor the voice input 420 to be the in-focus device 410. Thevoice-activated device 404 or the voice assistance server system 112transmits a command, via the voice assistance service 140, to device 410to perform the operation requested in voice input 420.

In some implementations, determining a first target device for the firstoperation from among the local group of connected electronic devicesincludes obtaining an explicit designation of the first target devicefrom the first voice command. The voice-activated device 404 maypre-process the voice input 403 to determine if the voice input 403includes an explicit specification of a target device. Thevoice-activated device 404 may, alternatively, receive the explicitspecification of a target device from the voice assistance server system112 that processed the voice input 403.

In some implementations, determining a first target device for the firstoperation from among the local group of connected electronic devicesincludes determining that the first voice command does not include anexplicit designation of the first target device, determining that thefirst operation can be performed by a second electronic device among thelocal group of connected electronic devices, and selecting the secondelectronic device as the first target device. If the first voice inputdoes not include an explicit specification of a target, but the requestincluded within the first voice input is one that can be performed by asingle device within the group (e.g., a video-related command and thereis just one video-capable device in the group), then the single deviceis set as the target device for the first voice input. Further, in someimplementations, if there is, besides the voice-activated device, justone controllable device, the controllable device is the default targetdevice for voice inputs that do not explicitly specify a target deviceand whose requested operations can be performed by the controllabledevice.

In some implementations, a user's voice input history (e.g., collectedby voice assistance server system 112 and stored in memory 306,collected by voice-activated device 104 and stored in memory 206) may beanalyzed (e.g., by the voice assistance server system 112 or thevoice-activated device 104) to determine if the history shows that aparticular voice-activated device 104 is frequently used to control aspecific controllable device 106. If the history does show such arelationship, the specific controllable device may be set as a defaulttarget device for voice inputs to the voice-activated device.

In some implementations, a specification (e.g., an identifier) of adefault target device is stored at the voice-activated device 104 and/orthe voice assistance server system 112.

In some implementations, in accordance with the determination that thesecond voice command satisfies the focus session maintenance criteria,extending the focus session with respect to the first target device. Insome implementations, a focus session times out (i.e., ends) after acertain amount of time. The focus session 418 may be extended time-wise(e.g., reset the timeout timer) if the second voice input 420 satisfiesthe focus session maintenance criteria.

In some implementations, establishing the focus session with respect tothe first target device includes storing a timestamp of the first voicecommand, and storing an identifier of the first target device. When afocus session is established after receiving the voice input 403, thevoice-activated device 404 stores the time of the voice input 403 (e.g.,in session command history 260) and an identifier of the in-focus device410 (e.g., in session in-focus device 256).

In some implementations, the focus session maintenance criteria includesa criterion that the second voice command is received by the firstelectronic device within a first predefined time interval with respectto receiving the first voice command or with a second predefined timeinterval with respect to receiving the first voice command, the secondpredefined time interval succeeding the first predefined time interval;and determining whether the second voice command satisfies the one ormore focus session maintenance criteria includes determining whether thesecond voice command is received within any of the first predefined timeinterval or the predefined second time interval. The voice-activateddevice 404 determines whether the voice input 420 satisfies one or morefocus session maintenance criteria, including whether the voice input420 is received within a first time threshold or a second time thresholdof the voice input 403.

In some implementations, in accordance with a determination that thesecond voice command is received within the first predefined timeinterval, the first electronic device selects the first target device asa target device for the second voice command. If the voice input 420 isdetermined to be received within the first, shorter time threshold fromthe voice input 403, then the in-focus device 410 is set to be thetarget device for voice input 420.

In some implementations, in accordance with a determination that thesecond voice command is received within the second predefined timeinterval, the first electronic device outputs a request to confirm thefirst target device as a target device for the second voice command; andin accordance with a positive confirmation of the first target device inresponse to request to confirm, selects the first target device as atarget device for the second voice command. If the voice input 420 isdetermined to be received outside the first, shorter time threshold, butwithin the second, longer time threshold, from the voice input 403, thevoice-activated device prompts the user for confirmation of a targetdevice (e.g., asks the user if the in-focus device 410 is the intendedtarget device). If the user confirms that the in-focus device 410 is theintended target device, the in-focus device 410 is set as the targetdevice for voice input 420.

In some implementations, the first electronic device receives a thirdvoice command including a request for a third operation and an explicitdesignation of a third target device among the local group of connectedelectronic devices, ends the focus session with respect to the firsttarget device, establishes a focus session with respect to the thirdtarget device, and causes the third operation to be performed by thethird target device via operation of the common network service. Thevoice-activated device 404 may receive a new voice input, after voiceinput 420, that includes an explicit specification of a target deviceother than device 410 (e.g., device 406 or 408). In accordance withreceipt of that voice input, the focus session 418 with device 410 infocus ends, and a new session with the new target device in focus isestablished. The voice-activated device 404 or the voice assistanceserver system 112 transmits a command, via the voice assistance service140, to the new target device to perform the operation requested in thenew voice input.

In some implementations, the first target device is the first electronicdevice. The first electronic device receives a fourth voice commandincluding a request for a fourth operation and an explicit designationof a fourth target device among the local group of connected electronicdevices, where the fourth target device is a third electronic devicemember of the local group of connected electronic devices, the thirdelectronic device different from the first electronic device; maintainsthe focus session with respect to the first target device; and causesthe fourth operation to be performed by the fourth target device viaoperation of the common network service. If the in-focus device for anactive focus session 418 at the voice-activated device 404 is thevoice-activated device 404 itself, and then a new voice input specifyinga different device as the target is received after voice input 420, thenthe voice-activated device 404 or the voice assistance server system 112transmits a command, via the voice assistance service 140, to thedifferent target device to perform the operation requested in the newvoice input, but the focus session is maintained with thevoice-activated device 404 in focus.

In some implementations, the second voice command is received after thefourth operation is caused to be performed by the fourth target device,the first operation is a media playback operation, and the secondoperation is a media stoppage operation. The first electronic devicereceives a fifth voice command including a request for a fifth operationand an explicit designation of a fifth target device among the localgroup of connected electronic devices, where the fifth target device isthe third electronic device; ends the focus session with respect to thefirst target device; establishes a focus session with respect to thefifth target device, and causes the fifth operation to be performed bythe fifth target device via operation of the common network service. Ifthe in-focus device for an active focus session 418 at thevoice-activated device 404 is the voice-activated device 404 itself, andthe voice input 403 included a request to initiate media playback, andthe voice input 403 included a request to pause the media playing as aresult of voice input 403, and a new voice input specifying a differentdevice as the target is received after voice input 420, then thevoice-activated device 404 or the voice assistance server system 112transmits a command, via the voice assistance service 140, to thedifferent target device to perform the operation requested in the newvoice input, and the focus session with the voice-activated device infocus is ended, and a new focus session with the new target device infocus is established.

In some implementations, the first electronic device receives a fifthvoice command including a predefined operation termination request, andin accordance with receiving the fifth voice command, causes the firstoperation to cease to be performed by the first target device, and endsthe focus session with respect to the first target device. If thevoice-activated device 404 receives a predefined termination command(e.g., “STOP”), the voice-activated device 404 or the voice assistanceserver system 112 transmits a command, via the voice assistance service140, to device 410 to cease performing the operation 416, and the focussession 418 is ended.

In some implementations, the first operation is a media playbackoperation, and the second operation is one of: a media stoppageoperation, a media rewind operation, a media fast forward operation, avolume up operation, and a volume down operation. The request in voiceinput 403 may be a request to initiate playback of media content (e.g.,video, music), and the request in voice input 420 may be a request tocontrol the playback (e.g., pause, rewind, fast forward, change volumeup/down, next item/track, previous item/track, etc.)

In some implementations, the first operation is a device state changeoperation to a first state of a plurality of device states, and thesecond operation is a device state change operation to a second state ofthe plurality of device states. The request in voice input 403 may be arequest to transition to a first state (e.g., turn light or device on,go to sleep mode), and the request in voice input 420 may be a requestto transition to a second state (e.g., turn light or device off, wakefrom to sleep mode).

In some implementations, the first operation is a magnitude changeoperation in a first direction in a magnitude scale, and the secondoperation is a magnitude change operation in a second direction,opposite of the first direction, in the magnitude scale. The request invoice input 403 may be a request to change magnitude in one direction(e.g., brighten light, change volume up), and the request in voice input420 may be a request to change magnitude in the opposite direction(e.g., dim light, change volume down).

In some implementations, the first electronic device includes an arrayof one or more LEDs. The first electronic device indicates a status ofthe focus session by illuminating one or more of the LEDs in the arrayof LEDs. The voice-activated device 404 may indicate that there is anactive focus session, or other states and other information (e.g.,indication of how long the focus session has been active or how muchtime has elapsed since the last voice input) associated with the focussession, by displaying patterns on the LED array.

In some implementations, focus sessions may be established peridentified user. For example, if a user speaks a voice input specifyinga target device, the user is identified and a focus session isestablished with respect to the identified user, with the target devicespecified in the voice input being in focus. If a different user speaksa voice input and specifies a different target device, the differentuser is identified and another focus session is established with respectto the identified different user, with the different target device beingin focus. Voice inputs spoken by different users and not specifying atarget device may be assigned different target devices based on theactive focus session corresponding to the respective identified user.Examples of speaker identification are described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/284,476, titled “Multi-User Personalization at aVoice Interface Device,” filed Oct. 3, 2016, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

Additional Examples of Focus Sessions

The following implementations describe implementations in a context of avoice-activated device 104 in a same room as one or more controllabledevices 106 that are media devices. It should be appreciated that theimplementations described below may be adapted to other types ofcontrollable devices 106 (e.g., smart home devices) and to other deviceplacement setups.

In some implementations, a focus session can be started with thein-focus device being a controllable device other than thevoice-activated device if there is no media already playing on thevoice-activated device. In some implementations, if media playing on thevoice-activated device is paused, a focus session may be started with acontrollable device other than the voice-activated device as thein-focus device.

In some implementations, a focus session is started if the user issuesany valid request that has an explicit target device that is directed toa device or device group associated with the voice-activated device (andoptionally on the same WiFi network as the voice-activated device).Examples of such valid requests include “play some music on my livingroom speakers,” “turn up the volume on the bedroom tv,” “next song on myHome Group,” and “pause the living room speakers.” The explicit targetdevice becomes the in-focus device for the focus session.

In some implementations, if the request is clearly a request associatedwith video, and there is a single video-capable device amongst theassociated controllable devices, then a focus session may be establishedwith the video-capable device as the in-focus device.

In some implementations, if a request with another device as the targetdevice is received while the voice-activated device is actively playingmedia, focus will remain on the voice-activated device, but once thevoice-activated device stopped or paused its session, any new request toplay or control media on another device moves the focus to that anotherdevice.

For example, the user requests “play Lady Gaga,” and the voice-activateddevice starts playing Lady Gaga music and starts a focus session withthe voice-activated device in focus. The user then requests “pause,” andthe voice-activated device pauses the Lady Gaga music (and maintains thefocus session for, say, 2 hours). After 1 hour has passed, the user thenrequests “play cat videos on my TV.” The focus moves to the TV, and theTV starts playing cat videos.

As another example, the user requests “play Lady Gaga,” and thevoice-activated device starts playing Lady Gaga music and starts a focussession with the voice-activated device in focus. The user then requests“show cat videos on my TV,” and the cat videos start showing on the TV,but focus remains on the voice-activated device. The user then requests“next,” the voice-activated device advances to the next track in theLady Gaga music in accordance with the request. The user then requests“pause,” and music at the voice-activated device is paused. The userthen requests “next slide on my TV,” and the next slide starts on the TVand focus is transferred to the TV.

In some implementations, a valid requests includes initiating music,initiating video, initiating news reading (e.g., reading out newsarticles), initiating podcasts, initiating photos (e.g., photo displayor slideshow), and any media control command (other than a predefinedSTOP command that ends any current focus session.)

In some implementations, a focus session is ended when any of thefollowing occurs:

-   -   focus session is transferred to a different device (via voice        input, e.g., the voice input explicitly specifying the different        device), and in this case a focus session is started with the        different device;    -   focus session starts or resumed (out of pause state) on the        voice-activated device via voice input or casting from another        device (e.g., via voice: “Play Lady Gaga on <nickname of        voice-interface device>”, “Play Lady Gaga locally”, etc.; via        casting: the user casts content to the voice-activated device        via an application on a client device);        -   however, if the voice-activated device is a member (follower            or leader) of the group that is about to play media, it will            not will not stop the focus (even though it is playing). So            focus will remain on the leader of the group (which might be            another voice-activated device);    -   when the request is a predefined “STOP” command (including all        relevant grammar) to the controllable device that is in-focus;    -   timeout related commands:        -   timeouts may be measured from the last request or command            given to the controllable device, whether the controllable            device is explicitly specified or set based on the in-focus            device of the focus session, other than the predefined            “STOP” command;        -   timeout may be 240 minutes across the various possible            commands; and    -   when the user presses a button on the voice-activated device        used for pause/play (in addition this will also resume any        paused content locally on the voice-activated device).

In some implementations, the voice-activated device request userconfirmation of the target device. The user is prompted for confirmationif he wants to play media on a controllable device as follows:

-   -   The prompt is triggered for media initiation (e.g., start music        where none had been playing) (vs media control, such as fast        forward or next track);    -   The prompt is triggered when a focus session is active; and    -   The prompt is triggered after some time (e.g., 20 minutes) has        passed from the last voice command from the current        voice-activated device given to the controllable device, whether        the controllable device is explicitly specified or set based on        the in-focus device of the focus session, other than the        predefined “STOP” command.

The prompt to confirm may be, for example:

-   -   The voice-activated device outputs “Would you like me to play on        <controllable device name>?”        -   User responds “Yes.” Then the requested media is played on            the in-focus controllable device and focus is maintained on            that device.        -   User responds “No.” Then the requested media is played on            the voice-activated device and the focus session is ended.        -   Other: if, for example, the user's response is unclear, the            voice-activated device may output “Sorry, couldn't            understand your response.”

In some implementations, when a focus session is initiated, mediainitiation and voice based control commands are applied to the in-focuscontrollable device. Non-media requests (e.g., searches, questions) areanswered by the voice-activated device, and the non-media requests donot end the focus session.

In some implementations, even when a focus session has started, physicalinteractions will still control the voice-activated device, so physicalinteraction (e.g., pressing a button, touching a touch-sensitive area)with the voice-activated device to change volume and pause/play affectsthe voice-activated device and not necessarily the controllable device.

In some implementations, requests or commands issued totimers/alarms/text-to-speech playing on the voice-activated device hashigher priority than similar requests or commands to the in-focuscontrollable device. For example, if the voice-activated device isringing for a timer or an alarm, and the user utters “stop,” thevoice-activated device stops the timer or alarm ringing. If the userthen utters “volume <up/down>,” the timer or alarm ringing is stillstopped, and the volume on the controllable device is changed up ordown.

As another example, if the voice-activated device is playingtext-to-speech (e.g., reading out the user's emails), and the userutters “stop,” the voice-activated device stops the text-to-speechreading. If the user then utters “volume <up/down>,” the volume on thevoice-activated device is changed up or down.

As yet another example, if the voice-activated device is idle, paused,or app-loaded, and the user utters “stop,” media playing at thecontrollable device is stopped and the focus session is ended. If theuser then utters “volume <up/down>,” the volume on the controllabledevice is changed up or down.

Reference has been made in detail to implementations, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the detaileddescription above, numerous specific details have been set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the various describedimplementations. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skillin the art that the various described implementations may be practicedwithout these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods,procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been describedin detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of theimplementations.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, theseelements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only usedto distinguish one element from another. For example, a first devicecould be termed a second device, and, similarly, a second device couldbe termed a first device, without departing from the scope of thevarious described implementations. The first device and the seconddevice are both types of devices, but they are not the same device.

The terminology used in the description of the various describedimplementations herein is for the purpose of describing particularimplementations only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in thedescription of the various described implementations and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as usedherein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. It will be furtherunderstood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence ofstated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when”or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting”or “in accordance with a determination that,” depending on the context.Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated conditionor event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upondetermining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [thestated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the statedcondition or event]” or “in accordance with a determination that [astated condition or event] is detected,” depending on the context.

For situations in which the systems discussed above collect informationabout users, the users may be provided with an opportunity to opt in/outof programs or features that may collect personal information (e.g.,information about a user's preferences or usage of a smart device). Inaddition, in some implementations, certain data may be anonymized in oneor more ways before it is stored or used, so that personallyidentifiable information is removed. For example, a user's identity maybe anonymized so that the personally identifiable information cannot bedetermined for or associated with the user, and so that user preferencesor user interactions are generalized (for example, generalized based onuser demographics) rather than associated with a particular user.

Although some of various drawings illustrate a number of logical stagesin a particular order, stages that are not order dependent may bereordered and other stages may be combined or broken out. While somereordering or other groupings are specifically mentioned, others will beobvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, so the ordering andgroupings presented herein are not an exhaustive list of alternatives.Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implementedin hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific implementations. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the scope of the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Manymodifications and variations are possible in view of the aboveteachings. The implementations were chosen in order to best explain theprinciples underlying the claims and their practical applications, tothereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the implementationswith various modifications as are suited to the particular usescontemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: at a first electronicdevice with one or more microphones, a speaker, one or more processors,and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or moreprocessors, the first electronic device being a member of a local groupof connected electronic devices communicatively coupled to a commonnetwork service: receiving a first voice command including a request fora first operation; determining a first target device for the firstoperation from among the local group of connected electronic devices;establishing a focus session with respect to the first target device;causing the first operation to be performed by the first target devicevia operation of the common network service; receiving a second voicecommand including a request for a second operation; determining that thesecond voice command does not include an explicit designation of asecond target device; determining that the second operation can beperformed by the first target device; determining whether the secondvoice command satisfies one or more focus session maintenance criteria;and in accordance with a determination that the second voice commandsatisfies the focus session maintenance criteria, causing the secondoperation to be performed by the first target device via operation ofthe common network service.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining a first target device for the first operation from among thelocal group of connected electronic devices comprises: obtaining anexplicit designation of the first target device from the first voicecommand.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a first targetdevice for the first operation from among the local group of connectedelectronic devices comprises: determining that the first voice commanddoes not include an explicit designation of the first target device;determining that the first operation can be performed by a secondelectronic device among the local group of connected electronic devices;and selecting the second electronic device as the first target device.4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with thedetermination that the second voice command satisfies the focus sessionmaintenance criteria, extending the focus session with respect to thefirst target device.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing thefocus session with respect to the first target device comprises: storinga timestamp of the first voice command; and storing an identifier of thefirst target device.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving a third voice command including a request for a thirdoperation and an explicit designation of a third target device among thelocal group of connected electronic devices; ending the focus sessionwith respect to the first target device; establishing a focus sessionwith respect to the third target device; and causing the third operationto be performed by the third target device via operation of the commonnetwork service.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first targetdevice is the first electronic device; further comprising: receiving afourth voice command including a request for a fourth operation and anexplicit designation of a fourth target device among the local group ofconnected electronic devices, wherein the fourth target device is athird electronic device member of the local group of connectedelectronic devices, the third electronic device different from the firstelectronic device; maintaining the focus session with respect to thefirst target device; causing the fourth operation to be performed by thefourth target device via operation of the common network service.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein: the second voice command is received afterthe fourth operation is caused to be performed by the fourth targetdevice; the first operation is a media playback operation; and thesecond operation is a media stoppage operation; and the method furthercomprising: receiving a fifth voice command including a request for afifth operation and an explicit designation of a fifth target deviceamong the local group of connected electronic devices, wherein the fifthtarget device is the third electronic device; ending the focus sessionwith respect to the first target device; establishing a focus sessionwith respect to the fifth target device; and causing the fifth operationto be performed by the fifth target device via operation of the commonnetwork service.
 9. An electronic device, comprising: one or moremicrophones; a speaker; one or more processors; and memory storing oneor more programs to be executed by the one or more processors, the oneor more programs comprising instructions for performing: receiving afirst voice command including a request for a first operation;determining a first target device for the first operation from among thelocal group of connected electronic devices; establishing a focussession with respect to the first target device; causing the firstoperation to be performed by the first target device via operation ofthe common network service; receiving a second voice command including arequest for a second operation; determining that the second voicecommand does not include an explicit designation of a second targetdevice; determining that the second operation can be performed by thefirst target device; determining whether the second voice commandsatisfies one or more focus session maintenance criteria; and inaccordance with a determination that the second voice command satisfiesthe focus session maintenance criteria, causing the second operation tobe performed by the first target device via operation of the commonnetwork service.
 10. The electronic device of claim 9, furthercomprising: receiving a fifth voice command including a predefinedoperation termination request; in accordance with receiving the fifthvoice command: causing the first operation to cease to be performed bythe first target device; and ending the focus session with respect tothe first target device.
 11. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein:the first operation is a media playback operation; and the secondoperation is one of: a media stoppage operation, a media rewindoperation, a media fast forward operation, a volume up operation, and avolume down operation.
 12. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein:the first operation is a device state change operation to a first stateof a plurality of device states; and the second operation is a devicestate change operation to a second state of the plurality of devicestates.
 13. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein: the firstoperation is a magnitude change operation in a first direction in amagnitude scale; and the second operation is a magnitude changeoperation in a second direction, opposite of the first direction, in themagnitude scale.
 14. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the firstelectronic device comprises an array of one or more LEDs; and the methodfurther comprising: indicating a status of the focus session byilluminating one or more of the LEDs in the array of LEDs.
 15. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or moreprograms, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which, whenexecuted by an electronic device with one or more microphones, aspeaker, and one or more processors, cause the electronic device toperform operations of the method including: receiving a first voicecommand including a request for a first operation; determining a firsttarget device for the first operation from among the local group ofconnected electronic devices; establishing a focus session with respectto the first target device; causing the first operation to be performedby the first target device via operation of the common network service;receiving a second voice command including a request for a secondoperation; determining that the second voice command does not include anexplicit designation of a second target device; determining that thesecond operation can be performed by the first target device;determining whether the second voice command satisfies one or more focussession maintenance criteria; and in accordance with a determinationthat the second voice command satisfies the focus session maintenancecriteria, causing the second operation to be performed by the firsttarget device via operation of the common network service.
 16. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein: the focus sessionmaintenance criteria include a criterion that the second voice commandis received by the first electronic device within a first predefinedtime interval with respect to receiving the first voice command or witha second predefined time interval with respect to receiving the firstvoice command, the second predefined time interval succeeding the firstpredefined time interval; and determining whether the second voicecommand satisfies the one or more focus session maintenance criteriacomprises determining whether the second voice command is receivedwithin any of the first predefined time interval or the predefinedsecond time interval.
 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim16, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that thesecond voice command is received within the first predefined timeinterval, selecting the first target device as a target device for thesecond voice command.
 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim16, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that thesecond voice command is received within the second predefined timeinterval, outputting a request to confirm the first target device as atarget device for the second voice command; and in accordance with apositive confirmation of the first target device in response to requestto confirm, selecting the first target device as a target device for thesecond voice command.
 19. The computer readable storage medium of claim15, wherein the first target device is the first electronic device;further comprising: receiving a fourth voice command including a requestfor a fourth operation and an explicit designation of a fourth targetdevice among the local group of connected electronic devices, whereinthe fourth target device is a third electronic device member of thelocal group of connected electronic devices, the third electronic devicedifferent from the first electronic device; maintaining the focussession with respect to the first target device; causing the fourthoperation to be performed by the fourth target device via operation ofthe common network service.
 20. The computer readable storage medium ofclaim 19, wherein: the second voice command is received after the fourthoperation is caused to be performed by the fourth target device; thefirst operation is a media playback operation; and the second operationis a media stoppage operation; and the method further comprising:receiving a fifth voice command including a request for a fifthoperation and an explicit designation of a fifth target device among thelocal group of connected electronic devices, wherein the fifth targetdevice is the third electronic device; ending the focus session withrespect to the first target device; establishing a focus session withrespect to the fifth target device; and causing the fifth operation tobe performed by the fifth target device via operation of the commonnetwork service.